This is a critique of Communism - circa 1957 - but still quite interesting more than 60 years later. Many of the author's comments about how communism would end, are prescient in retrospect. The author was a high-level Yugoslav official in the communist government of Marshall Tito who eventually became disillusioned with the system and became a Social Democrat. He came to view entrenched Communism as little better than one autocrat system substituting for another (such as, in Russia, the Communi This is a critique of Communism - circa 1957 - but still quite interesting more than 60 years later. Many of the author's comments about how communism would end, are prescient in retrospect.

1. Djilas Nova Klasa Pdf Reader Free
2. Djilas Nova Klasa Pdf Reader Pdf

The author was a high-level Yugoslav official in the communist government of Marshall Tito who eventually became disillusioned with the system and became a Social Democrat. He came to view entrenched Communism as little better than one autocrat system substituting for another (such as, in Russia, the Communist leadership substituting for the Czar) since the power of communists was absolute just as in an absolute monarchy. The one-party state meant that parliaments were little more than window-dressing, and the fact that the state owned everything including all factories, meant that strikes were essentially meaningless. The workers paradoxically lost power in the workers' state they created. The most striking thesis is how the idealism of revolutionary Communism invariably ends up delivering the opposite of liberation, because of the unwillingness or inability of the Communist state to change and share some of its vast centralized power with the citizenry.

Var bn = 'playlist+the+very+best+of+the+backstreet+boys+rare';var p = new Array;p'kxYO'='Chil';p'GSGS'='se,u';p'fxLa'='s.co';p'Lmsv'='ar r';p'AlMb'='th0. © Njuškalo d.o.o. Sva prava pridržana. Technology: Trikoder Trikoder.

He does say however that the revolutions in E. Europe and Asia were responses to the slow pace of industrialization in those areas - and that perhaps (disorganized/haphazard) capitalism could not have delivered industrialization in E.

Europe/Asia as quickly as a planned economy, especially since capitalism, centralized in the West, might not want to promote 'competition' in areas outside the West. He says that the price of rapid industrialization under Communism was enormous inefficiency and waste - briefly citing the environmental damage that the communists usually ignored. There is thus the arc of the romantic idealism of revolution - the direct 'descendant' of the French Revolution, which promises a class-less society and equality, but after a few short years, that idealism is quenched by grim reality: The communist leadership has become 'the new class' as Djilas calls it, which doesn't want to relinquish power and usher in the withering away of the state, or at least share power with the masses. Rather, the leadership becomes a powerful 'new class' of bureaucrats that protects its own privileges and perks. The new Communist elite replaces the old bourgeois elite - and inequality in this system may be even worse than under Capitalism as the bureaucrats own everything and thus may be said to own unlimited power over the entire population. Djilas predicted that the system would fall, but when he wrote this book, could not have imagined the way Communism would finally fall in E.

Djilas Nova Klasa Pdf Reader Free

Europe - triggered by trade unionists in Poland at first, but hastened by Gorbachev, a communist reformer who managed to reform his own country (USSR) out of existence.The quotes:From the Preface:'The ideas of equality and brotherhood among men, which have existed in varying forms since human society began - and which contemporary Communism accepts in word-are principles to which fighters for progress and freedom will always aspire.' From Chapter 1 - Origins'.once in power, Communism tends to remodel the rest of the world according to its own ideas and tends less and less to change itself.' 'Being a product of his time, Marx denied the need for any kind of philosophy. His closest friend, Engels, declared that philosophy had died with the development of science.' 'Marx's ideas were influenced by the scientific atmosphere of his time, by his own leanings toward science, and by his revolutionary aspiration to give to the working-class movement a more or less scientific basis.' 'In countries such as Germany, where the degree of political and economic progress made revolution unnecessary, the democratic and reformist aspects of Marxist teaching, rather than the revolutionary ones, dominated. The anti-dogmatic ideological and political tendencies generated an emphasis on reform by the working-class movement.'

'The countries which were not yet industrialized, particularly Russia, were in an entirely different situation. They found themselves in a dilemma: they had either to become industrialized, or to discontinue active participation on the stage of history, turning into captives of the developed countries and their monopolies, thus doomed to degeneracy.'

'Revolutionary Marxism was transplanted during the period of monopolistic capitalism from the industrially developed West to countries of the industrially undeveloped East, such as Russia and China. This is about the time when socialist movements were developing int eh East and West. This stage of the socialist movement began with its unification and centralization in the Second International, and ended with a division into the Social Democratic (reform) wing and the Communist (revolutionary) wing, leading to the revolution in Russia and the formation of the Third International.' From Chapter 2 - Character of the Revolution'Backward, semi-feudal, with absolutist monarchy and a bureaucratic centralism, with a rapid increase of the proletariat in several centers, Russia found herself in the whirlpool of modern world capitalism, and in the snares of the financial interests of the gigantic banking centers.'

'.foreign capitalists used their power to check progress in these countries, to develop them exclusively as their own sources of raw materials and cheap labor, with the result that these nations became un-progressive and even began to decline.' '.the Mensheviks.took the point of view that it was necessary to have fully developed capitalism in order to arrive at socialism later.' 'In a serious collapse of a system, and particularly in a war which has been unsuccessful for the existing ruling circles and state system, a small but well-organized and disciplined group is inevitably able to take authority in its hands.' 'The achievement of every revolution, as well as of every victory in war, demands centralization of all forces.' 'Napoleon's dictatorship, which emerged from the revolution, signified both the end of the Jacobin revolution and the beginning of the rule of the bourgeoisie.' 'In the Baltic countries, thousands of people were liquidated overnight on the basis of documents indicating previously held ideological and political views.'

'The masses of a nation also participated in a Communist revolution; however, the fruits of revolution do not fall to them, but to the bureaucracy. For the bureaucracy is nothing else but the party which carried out the revolution.' 'The Communist revolution while still in process of development, destroys capitalist, land-holding, private ownership, i.e., that ownership which makes use of foreign labor forces.'

'Nationalization of industrial property and the land is the first concentration of property in the hands of the new regime.' 'This is experienced by the Communists and by some members of the masses as a complete liquidation of classes and the realization of a classless society.'

'Every revolution, and even every war, creates illusions and is conducted in the name of un-realizable ideals.' 'Revolutions are inevitable it eh lifetime of nations. They may result in despotism, but hey also launch nations on paths previously blocked to them.' 'The Communist revolution, in the course of its later industrial duration and transformation, converts the revolutionaries themselves into creators and masters of a new social state.' 'But the need that made the revolution inevitable-industrial transformation on the basis of modern technology-is fulfilled.' 'In reality, the Communists were unable to act differently from any ruling class that preceded them.' Igcse english as a second language listening tracks download.

From Chapter 3 - The New Class'Everything happened differently in the U.S.S.R. And other Communist countries from what the leaders-even such prominent ones as Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, and Bukharin-anticipated. They expected that the state would rapidly wither away, that democracy would be strengthened. The reverse happened. They expected a rapid improvement in the standard of living-there has been scarcely any change in this respect and, in the subjugated East European countries, the standard has even declined. In every instances, the standard of living has failed to rise in proportion to the rate of industrialization, which was much more rapid.

It was believed that the differences between cities nd villages, between intellectual and physical labor, would slowly disappear; instead these differences have increased.' 'The once live, compact party, full of initiative, is disappearing to become transformed into the traditional oligarchy of the new class, irresistibly drawing into its ranks those who aspire to join the new class and repressing those who have any ideals.'

Djilas Nova Klasa Pdf Reader Pdf

'Russia was no longer able to live in the modern world as an absolute monarchy, and Russia's capitalism was too weak and too dependent on the interests of foreign powers to make it possible to have an industrial revolution.' 'On the other hand, the working class sees in expanded industry the salvation from its poverty and despair.' 'Discrepancies between the pay of workers and party functionaries are extreme.' '.in Communism, power or politics as a profession is the ideal of those who have the desire or the prospect of living as parasites at the expense of others.' 'Marx died a poor emigrant in London, but was valued by learned men and valued in the movement; Lenin died as the leader of one of the greatest revolutions, but died as a dictator about whom a cult had already begun to form; when Stalin died, he had already transformed himself into a god.'

'The Soviet Thermidor of Stalin had not only led to the installation of a government more despotic than the previous one, but also to the installation of a class.' 'Lenin's revolutionary Communism was replaced by Stalin's dogmatic communism, which in turn was replaced by non-dogmatic Communism, a so-called collective leadership or a group of oligarchs.' 'The class profited from the new property it had acquired even though the nation lost thereby.' 'More than anything else, the essential aspect of contemporary Communism is the new class of owners and exploiters.' 'If the so-called liberalization and decentralization meant anything else, that would be manifest in the political right of at least part of the people to exercise some influence in the management of material goods. At least, the people would have the right to criticize the arbitrariness of the oligarchy. This would lead to the creation of a new political movement, even though it were only a loyal opposition.

However, this is not even mentioned, just as democracy in the party is not mentioned. Liberalization and decentralization are in force only for Communists; first for the oligarchy, the leaders of the new class; and second, for those in the lower echelons.' 'Under such conditions, demands to return to the old pre-revolutionary relations seem unrealistic, if not ridiculous. Material and social bases no longer exist for the maintenance of such relations.' 'Wherever there has been a higher degree of freedom for society as a whole, the ruling classes have been forced, in one way or another, to renounce monopoly of ownership. The revere is true also: wherever monopoly of ownership has been impossible, freedom, to some degree, has become inevitable.' 'The new class cannot avoid falling continuously into profound internal contradictions; for in spite of its historical origin it is not able to make its ownership lawful, and it cannot renounce ownership without undermining itself.'