1. Free Ravenloft Pdf

Ravenloft: FAQRavenloft is a campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragonsrole-playing game, which combines elements of the standard D&D game with the trappings of gothic horror. To quote from the original Ravenloft Black box set:'Dark, gloomy castles, desolate landscapes, black clouds racing against the moon - these are the trappings of the Gothic tradition. Early Gothics were stories of mystery, and desire - of heroines imprisoned in a fortress, their purity and sanity assaulted by the evil lord of the manor. Later novels, such as 'Dracula' and 'Frankenstein', toss the heroine to the sidelines, and 'evil' takes center stage. This is the classic horror in which Ravenloft has its roots.' For the appropriate gaming atmosphere imagine playing D&D on a darkrainy evening by candlelight.

Not only that, but in a frightening placefilled with phantom sounds, strange noises and horrors of thenight. It is a world of haunted mansions, cursed bloodlines, withundead and primal beasts and yet with humans being the worst of all. The Ravenloft setting is often also referred to as the Demiplane of Dread or the Land of Mists. It is standard to refer to the RAVENLOFT product line in caps (although this FAQ often does not. Sorry); if Ravenloft is merely capitalised, it refers the setting itself.Ravenloft is a Dungeons & Dragons role-playing type game, so youneed a D&D Third Edition (or the revised 3.5 edition) Player's Handbookand a Dungeon Master's Guide, both published by Wizards of the Coast, toget the standard D&D rules. The Monster Manual is also of use. A copy ofthe Ravenloft campaign setting is also required.

A few weeks ago, I posted an article about 2D terrain products, both old and new. During some of my research, I found some interesting photos of a large DM screen made by OldSchoolDM. I reached out to its maker, and that in turn opened up another discovery - a leather-bound tome containing five Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (1e) books.

This is found in eitherthe Ravenloft Campaign Setting book (published in October 2001) orits reprint/update to 3.5 the Ravenloft Players Handbook. If 2ndEdition D&D is still being used then the most recent (and some saybest) campaign setting is Domains of Dread (released by TSR/WotCin 1997).At GenCon 2010, it was announced that the Ravenloft setting would berevived for a 4th Edition D&D boxed set in 2011. But at the 2011 D&D expo, it wasannounced that the product has been shelved indefinitely.(See of the FAQ)In the meantime, Jester of the Fraternity has released an extensive unofficialcollection of 4th Edition Ravenloft rules:. DM Rules:. Player's Guide:.Wizards has not yet announced any support of Ravenloft for D&D Next/5th Edition. But fear not, Jester has you covered again.

His is in progress.With your chosen edition of D&D rules and Ravenloft Campaign Setting, you could start to play. However, we suggest that youalso get the other Ravenloft Third Edition products, as most of them shouldbe of use in some way (see our review page for more information). Especially useful for a campaign in Ravenloft are the Ravenloft Dungeon Master’s Guide, Denizens of Dread and the Ravenloft Gazetteers.

As an option, if you have access to them, many Second Edition Ravenloft products can also be very interesting for your campaign. They are quite useful for background information, NPCs and adventure hooks.Back in 1st edition, two adventures inspired the Ravenloft setting: the original I6: Ravenloft module published in 1983 and its sequel, I10: The House on Gryphon Hill in 1986. Both were written by Tracy & Laura Hickman.

This led to the first Ravenloft setting the Realm of Terror Boxed Set (nicknamed “The Black Box” by the fans), which was released in 1990 and defined the basics of the gothic setting. This first set of rules was written by Bruce Nesmith with Andria Hayday. More then 90 Ravenloft adventures, accessories, games and novels followed in the 90’s, all using Second Edition D&D rules.

The last book with any Ravenloft content in 2nd edition is Die Vecna Die, a cataclysmic adventure where the D&D multiverse is threatened.Clickto get the complete list of Ravenloft products in 1st or 2nd editionD&D. The Third Edition D&D setting was launched by Wizards of theCoast in summer 2000, but it is only in October 2001 that Ravenloft wasadapted to 3rd edition. Click to get to the Ravenloft books reviews for all editions.Ravenloft is ruled by the darklords, also known as domain lords, peopleor creatures so tragic and evil that the Dark Powers of Ravenloft havegranted them power and domain over a region. Typically, there is but one darklord in each land; they do not share power well. These individuals posses great power in their own domain but the Dark Powers also torment them and burden each darklord with a terrible price for their power.

Each endures a curse designed to frustrate their most basic desires. Strahd, the lord of Barovia, suffers an endless search for his lost love Tatyana; this is the classic and most famous example of the Dark Powers’ touch.Darklords are powerful forces of darkness in the Land of Mists; theyhave great power and influence and most have large numbers of minions andservants. However, darklords are not always an obvious political ruler.Many prefer to act from behind the scenes, enacting their plans with guileand cunning. In Second Edition, Domains of Dread divided domainlords into several categories: demilords rule pocket domains, lords ruleislands of terror, overlords rule within clusters and darklords rule the domains of the Core.

This breakdown has been dropped in Ravenloft Third Edition - all are simply 'darklords'. With very limited exceptions, denizens of Ravenloft do not use the word 'darklord.' The Core is the main group of nations that makes up the major continentin Ravenloft. It is considered the 'heart' of the setting. Lands that fit the traditional European style of gothic horror were designed to be part of the Core, while the other more exotic lands are generally Islands or part of a Cluster. Large bodies of water are located on the Core’s East and West coasts.

In each of these seas many islands are found, most of them being small domains, each with their own darklords.An Island domain (also known as an Island of Terror) is a single land, completely surrounded by the Mists (note that the islands located in the two seas surrounding the Core are not usually considered Islands of Terror as they are not isolated and surrounded by Mists). They are not bordered by any other lands and are isolated from the rest of the world. Clusters are small groups of domains that have joined together, Islands that border other islands instead of simply being separated.

The lands within Clusters usually share a cultural, climate or thematic link. Clusters can be thought of as much smaller versions of the Core.Pocket domains are small domains that are completely contained withinanother larger domain but are able to move around, changing their position.This may be shifting around a region or radically moving across the entirecontinent without warning. True Pocket domains should be differentiatedfrom smaller enclave domains such as Castle Island, which is entirelycontained within another land (see Ravenloft Gazetteer V). CastleIsland and the like are rooted in place and have never moved from theirposition; they are as much a part of the land as Barovia. Pockets, however,can move from land to land, temporarily displacing part of another domain,(even if they very seldom do so, such as theHouse of Lament).

Pocket domains are diverse and come in many shapes, from a small theatre to a land contained entirely within a dagger to a place that exists only within a sleeper’s mind.Many! The list of all domains that have been mentioned byname in the Ravenloft Third edition line is found by clicking.You may want to try, our Ravenloft wiki, a compendium of all things Ravenloft-related. The wiki is based on the Ravenloft Catalogue - an online database thatallows you to find out what products refer to a particular domain or NPCwithin the setting. Originally a product of the Kargatane website,you cannow get to thehere at the Fraternity ofShadows website. (Although Mistipedia contains all that information and more.) Otherwise, why not ask on our message board, theto see if anyone else has created their own details on that subject?In Manual of the Planes terms, Ravenloft is a demiplane on theDeep Ethereal (as presented as an option on pg. The DeepEthereal is a transitive plane connecting the Ethereal Planes of themultiverse. Essentially it is tucked away in a dark and unremarkable cornerof the universe where no one can see it.

What the Manual of thePlanes calls the Ethereal Plane, Ravenloft names the Near Ethereal, to differentiate it from the Deep Ethereal. The Near Ethereal is the part of the Ethereal Plane that is coexistent with other planes. In Second Edition, Domains of Dread offered that the Ravenloft pocket-plane is 'a self contained pocket dimension that hangs suspended in the ethereal plane'.In 4th and 5th Edition, it is unclear where the Ravenloft setting proper fits inthe new cosmology. The 4E Manual of the Planes presents Domainsof Dread as pockets in the Shadowfell, but since each world has its own,unconnected Shadowfell, walking from a Taladas-Shadowfell Falkovnia to anOerth-Shadowfell Darkon would be impossible. The only classic Ravenloft domain to get a full 4th edition update has been Kalidnay in Dungeon #190, and itmentioned no links to any other domains.At the edge of any land not directly bordered by another land, the Mistsrise up in a Misty Border, a pale whiteness so thick it is almostimpossible to see through. The Misty Borders of domains are nebulousboundaries stretching back and forth, sometimes moving inward by miles andother times pulling back, revealing previously obscured features. TheMists have also been known to spontaneously rise within domains aswell.Legends speak of people who have walked into Mists only to find themselves moved elsewhere, emerging dozens miles from where they entered or even in a different time.

Rarer still are the rumours of people being moved out of the Dread Realms, but this is so rare it is almost unheard of.The Mists of Ravenloft, like the Dark Powers, are a Dungeon Master tool and complete subject to their whims. They can be as mysterious or real as the story dictates. In some distant and faraway lands the Mists take on other appearances appearing as thick blizzards, blistering sandstorms or flickering waves of heat.You walk across the border. As long as two domains touch each other there is nothing preventing someone from walking from one to the other. This can be done on the Core and on Clusters.

On Islands one must simply step into the bank of the Misty Border and eventually it will lead to another land. It should be noted that some darklords have the power to magically close the borders of their realm and prevent anyone from leaving (or sometimes even entering).No.

All darklords are all but beyond redemption. They have done horrible and hideous deeds to earn their power and the powers that grant it do not reward nor punish those of light hearts with such power. Even if one becomes a darklord by killing the previous lord that individual must still be evil.

Masque of the Red Death (MotRD) is a variant on the standard RAVENLOFTcampaign. It is set on an alternate version of our Earth where asupernatural force (the Red Death) has insinuated itself, causingeverything that is merely superstition on our world to become real.

Thecampaign is set in the 1890s and so it is much more modern than thestandard RAVENLOFT setting. To account for this, MotRD uses a variation onthe standard AD&D/d20 rules. More modern firearms are introduced, magic becomesmuch rarer, and the standard character classes are changed to reflect the different social make-up of this time period.

There are also few -if any- demihumans present in the Gothic Earth. It was originally released as a Boxed set in 1994 with two follow-up accessories. It has since been updated to d20 with the release of a hardcover rulebook.The Red Death is a powerful bodiless entity that was pulled or banishedfrom another world by the mad-mage Imhotep in his quest for immortality.The entity bonded itself with the magic of the world, corrupting it. That is all that is known, save for the fact that the Vistani followed the Red Death through the opened portal.

This could mean Imhotep opened a two-way gate into the Land of the Mists. Or it could be the world the Vistani originated from. It could mean the Red Death is a Dark Power or it could be something else entirely.

Were you expecting easy answers? Let’s just say it’s a strong possibility and leave it at that. The undefined nature of the Dark Powers (Are they good? Are they evil?) makes it impossible to say for sure.Masque author William W. Connors sharedin an interview, available here in.The rules for gaining domains were accidentally omitted from the book. AMystic, and all the sub-classes of Mystic, can either learn a new domain ormaster one they currently possess at each level.

Free Ravenloft Pdf

The Message Boards member ‘Igor the Henchman’ coined the term ‘domain slots’ to describe the acquisition of new domains. One slot is gained at each level starting at level one; a single slot grants minor access to a domain and a second slot permits major access.Additionally each Mystic class gains a free minor access to a bonusdomain. These bonus domains bend the normal rules restricting when they canbe improved and major access can be gained after first level (or presumablywhenever major access is wanted for this domain). When a new level isgained you either choose to get a new domain or expand on a domain youalready have (ie: gain major access). At early levels, when you gaindomains you only have two or three spells so gaining major access to adomain gets you nothing, not until higher levels anyway.

So instead ofgaining a whole new spell from a new domain every level you gain a newspell every second level.At the time of this writing little is known regarding this now defunctproduct. It was to be a Masque (as described in the RL: PHB) and a possible sub-campaign similar to Masque of the Red Death. It was to set in the Orient of the ‘real world’ and presumably covered such regions as China, Japan and possibly even the Philippines. Additionally, it is set in a period earlier than MotRD.According to the developers, MotJD would have been usable either in conjunction with the Red Death or separately on the wish of the Dungeon Master.With ArtHaus and White Wolf returning the rights to RAVENLOFT to Wizards of the Coast it is very unlikely this book will now ever see print.from this lost project are now available in.Author Rucht Lilavivat incorporated the (now renamed) Jade Horror into his netboook. As often as you need to.Both Fear and Horror saves are provided as an aid to role-playing, not a replacement. If you think your players are responding appropriately to a horrific situation then do not ask them to make saves. If they are not responding then use the saves more liberally.

Fear saves and their like were called Fear checks in Second Edition. The term was changed to reflect d20's new terminology.Fear is the simpler of the two, being a response to a direct threat, when one’s life is at stake. Horror is much more subtle and varied. Threats to others, such as loved ones, are horrifying, as is anything that upsets someone’s worldview or beliefs; the realisation that something is wrong -insidiously wrong- is terrifying without being actually frightening. Generally speaking, anything that prompts concern or fear without involving a direct physical threat to the character is grounds for being horrified.No. Paladins are immune to magical fear but are still required to make Fear checks. See the Ravenloft Player’s Handbook for more information.

Horror, as stated above, is different from fear and no one is immune to that.Rules for playing vampires (and, indeed, all types of undead creatures) in 2nd Edition AD&D are contained in Requiem: The Grim Harvest (the final part of the Grim Harvest series). In Third Edition the Level Adjustment system or Savage Species book will suffice. In 4th edition, there is a vampire class and vampiric race called 'Vryloka' in Heroes of Shadow.For Third Edition use the Level Adjustment system or consult the book Savage Species published by WotC. John W Mangrum has written a comprehensive set of rules for playing lycanthropic PCs in 2nd Edition D&D.

These are available in the Book of Souls, the first Ravenloft Netbook at the Secrets of the Kargatane website.An approved expansion to these rules, written by Andrew Wyatt, can be found at. For 4e, there's the shifter race.A matter of taste, obviously, but we advise against it.

Keep in mindthat the aim of RAVENLOFT is to instill fear in the player characters andthat many darklords and foes would be easily defeated by epic characters.PLANESCAPE® characters come from a place where fiends are met in thelocal bar, half-fiends (tieflings) are likely to be counted among yourfriends, and you are only a portal away from planes where the unending Blood War has seen countless people slaughtered. A single werewolf terrorising a village is unlikely to raise an eyebrow (though swords may raise with speed). To paraphrase the old song, 'Once they've seen Sigil, how are you gonna keep them down on the farm?'

DARK SUN® characters might be scared enough, but the European-style setting is fairly inappropriate for them (apart from Kalidnay, the DARK SUN inspired domain in Ravenloft. And that domain is considered lost in the Mists and likely will not be detailed in Third Edition). Ravenloft natives would probably react badly to people as alien-looking as DARK SUN characters, too (especially if the party is comprised of thri-kreen and half-giants!).Reality wrinkles act as a miniature domain that covers and overlaps the existing land. An outsider with a reality wrinkle can walk right up to a darklord without confusion (as long as the lord permits them). On this often misunderstood ability, we will let Azalin from the lost ‘Ask Azalin’ forum make his summary for us:“An outsider receives a reality wrinkle if it has either the Good or the Evil descriptor and it does not have the Mists descriptor. An outsider loses its reality wrinkle if it 'maxes out' its Corruption points (22+) or binds itself to a mortal (as in the case of outsider familiars). Once an outsider loses its reality wrinkle, it can fail powers checks and even become a darklord just like anyone else.

(Mists outsiders are an exception; they never make powers check because they are simply a malign extension of Ravenloft's planar fabric.)'A mortal who uses magic or special abilities (aka, 'mortal magic') to temporarily change his creature type to 'outsider' does not gain a reality wrinkle. A mortal who permanently becomes an outsider as a class ability (such as a 20th-level monk) is considered to have 'ascended' to true outsider status.

Such a character gains any applicable alignment descriptors (Chaotic, Evil, Good, Lawful) and, if the ascended outsider gains either the Good or Evil descriptors, then the character does gain a reality wrinkle, just like a monk. The character is considered an outsider in all ways.' Evil outsiders (fiends) can perform power rituals and thus gain land-based powers. Good outsiders (celestials) can also perform power rituals, but they cannot gain land-based powers; all they accomplish is to reduce the size of their reality wrinkle. And yes, in the previous two paragraphs I am referring specifically to the alignment descriptors.”This has been frequently discussed on the Ravenloft Mailing List, with little in the way of conclusions being drawn. Some of the main points to consider include:.

Many like to replace level draining with temporary draining of Ability Stats (STR, WIS, etc.). Some like to offer a saving throw for level drains. If you do decide to remove level draining from monsters, do not forget to also reduce their XP value. Players should be scared of vampires and spectres. Removing level draining could reduce their 'fear' factor.

An article 'Spirit Points' in the Book of Sorrows (www.kargatane.com) details another potential alternative to level draining.Ultimately, the decision is the DM's, and should be made to suit each individual campaign.There were no Prestige Classes included in the Ravenloft CampaignSetting, although when this was reprinted as the RavenloftPlayer’s Handbook the Monster Hunter PrC was updated fromSecrets of the Dread Realms. Prestige Classes can be found inVanRichten’s Arsenal, Champions of Darkness, andHeroes of Light. Other PrC can be found in most of theRavenloft Gazetteers. Classes specifically for select bloodlinescan be found in Legacy of the Blood. For a complete list of PrCclick.The modified rules for Psionics can be found in the Ravenloft Dungeon Master’s Guide. These are not complete ability-by-ability changes but instead rough guidelines on how the powers are affected. It should be noted that these changes were made before the publication of the Revised Psionics Handbook and may not be entirely accurate.If you have bought the Third Edition Ravenloft Campaign Setting or Ravenloft Player’s Handbook you may be surprised with the lack of NPCs including all the darklords.

It was decided these were for Dungeon Master eyes only and moved elsewhere. The early drafts of 3.0 versions of the statistics along with short descriptions can be found in the accessory Secrets of the Dread Realm bundled along with the DM’s Screen. Updated stats can be found in the appropriate Ravenloft Gazetteers. Gazetteer statistics supersede those found in Secrets of the Dread Realm. The early Gazetteers (I-III) were also produced prior to 3.5 Edition and may require some minor updating.While everyone has a favorite domain, some domains are accepted as being easier to start campaigns in than others.Players new to the setting but with a background in fantasy gaming often find Darkon an easy transition land as it is a mixing of the fantastic and the horrific.Other popular starting domains include Mordent, as the countryside ispeaceful and familiar, and Barovia, due to its history with the setting andfamiliarity in popular culture.

Nova Vassa, Dementlieu, and Richemulot are also common starting points for a campaign.Darklings, outcast Vistani who've been stripped of their powers, are cursed to beforever confined to a specific region. The size of this region is indispute, since the two canon sources on the subject disagree. RavenloftMonstrous Compendium, Vol.

I is the original source for darklings, andit says that the darkling is 'unable to cross the Misty Borders betweendomains.' It further says the darkling is trapped in a single domain.

Butthe most recent source, Champions of Darkness, says they are confinedto a single Mist-bound region (i.e., the Core, a cluster, or a single islanddomain.) The Champions of Darkness reference is quite clear, butthe RLMCI reference is muddied a bit, as it seems to imply thatall domain borders are Misty Borders, which we know is not true.Some DMs prefer more mobile darklings and see the ban on entering theMists to be poetic justice. Some prefer more confined darklings, as it ismore of a real punishment. Until another product breaks the tie, bothcamps have an equal claim on correctness. There are no more official products being released for RAVENLOFT.Wizards of the Coast has announced no plans regarding RAVENLOFT and ArtHaus has declined to renew their licensed WotC product lines. Thus, there are no new products announced and none expected at this moment.Unknown. The last Ravenloft novel released by TSR was Spectre ofthe Black Rose. While they still published books under it, thelicensing deal ArtHaus had with WotC did not include the possibilityof releasing novels.

After the license reverted to WotC, several of theTSR-era novels were reprinted with new cover art as the 'RavenloftCovenant' line. In 2008, three new novels were announced in the'Ravenloft: Dominion' line, Black Crusade, Heaven's Bones,and Mithras Court. All three would involve crossovers betweenRavenloft and the 'real world' of Earth. After several delays and a fewname changes, Black Crusade was cancelled, and the other two novelswere released, but with no mention of Ravenloft or the Dominion label onthe covers. However, since both books mention clearly Ravenloft-relatedconcepts (such as Vistani and Kartakass) in their text, both are widelyregarded as Ravenloft novels.In 2009, WotC began releasing Black Crusade online in serialform, prominently labelled as a 'tale of Ravenloft.' Beyond that, it isunclear if Wizards of the Coast has any intention of releasing anyRavenloft novels in the foreseeable future or continuing the former'Ravenloft: Dominion' line.The fact that Ravenloft products have been written by many authors over many years means that occasionally a product will contain irreconcilable conflicts with other material.

TSR has ruled some products 'non-canonical' - that is, they are not part of the official Ravenloft timeline. To date, the products that have been ruled non-canonical are:. The Enemy Within. Lord of the Necropolis. The Desmond LaRouche entry in the Ravenloft Monstrous Compendium Appendix IIAnd yes, both Spectre of the Black Rose and Champions of Darkness are canon. However, many fans choose to ignore large sections of those books for example keeping Soth in Ravenloft.Out of print material can sometimes be found on eBay, you can startthere if you look for a paper copy. At one time, most (if not all) old out-of-printRavenloft products were available for purchase online as downloadable PDFsat drivethrurpg. At some point, Wizards decided to end this practice and askeddrivethrurpg to stop selling them.

More recently, they have reversed thisdecision and started rolling out the old products slowly via dndclassics.com.Additionally, has many of the Ravenloft novels available as audiobooks.The Role-Playing Gamers Association (RPGA) created 7 extremely limitededition tournament modules set in Ravenloft, as part of their Adventurer'sGuild series. Each adventure was meant as a companion to a specific TSRproduct, and they could only be purchased directly by game stores, with theintent that they be played in-store, partially to advertise the companionproduct. The adventures are exceedingly rare because TSR only printedenough to mail to the stores that bought them.

The adventures have beenknown to individually fetch over $100 at auction.Released between 1998 and1999, they are:. Heart's Final Beat - by John W. Mangrum. A Second Chance - by Steve Miller.

Beast Within - by James Wyatt. Legacy of Venom - by Lucien Soulban. Deepening Shadows - by James Wyatt. Farewell to the Flesh - by John W. Mangrum.

Haunting of Silver Ruins - by Anthony ValterraHeart's Final Beat was reprinted as part of TSR Jam 1999,along with 6 other, non-Ravenloft Adventurer's Guild modules. No statementhas been made as to whether they are considered canon.

The only place onemight find them now is on the secondary market, such as eBay.In addition, several Ravenloft modules were written for RPGA tournments,run at gaming conventions. These are also likely extremely rare, as theywere never published to the public. They are almost certainly non-canon.Here is the full list, originally from the Kargatane website:Ravenloft RPGA Modules.

Thieves' Gambit (Forgetten Realms Crossover) By Larsen and Wichmann(three round Event). The Beast Within by Bruce Nesmith & Thomas Reid (First run atGENCON '94, two-round event).

Father of the Bride by Steve Glasgow & Ken Marcinonis (Two-roundevent). Infatuation by Chris Doyle. The Greatest Loss by Andrew Hauptman. A Curse of Blood by Robert Wiese.

Sacrificial Lambs by Bruce Nesmith (First run at GENCON '95). Return of the Lucky Seven by R. Derek Pattison. Cry Little Sister by Brandon G. Amancio.

Fear and the Flame by Ramon Delgado. Shadows Dance by Peter Duhaime. Doorway to Darkness by Rucht Lilavivat.

House of Dark Strategy by Jeffrey Kahrs, Michael T. Wizards of the Coast has an official website at.They still have a Message Board devoted to Ravenloft.The website for Arthaus' parent company, White Wolf is. They no longer seem to have any Ravenloft related content.Not anymore, sadly.

There once was one, entitledRAVENLOFT-L, administered by Wizards of the Coast, but the list was officially shut down in 2015, and the archive was removed soon after. The many years of excellent discussion there now exist only on the hard-drives of a lucky few who downloaded the archive in its final days. We have been denied permission to host them on our site, but if that decision ever changes, we will gladly share them.Ravenloft was published under a special license between Wizards of the Coast and Arthaus and thus does not use the OGL at all. This means that Ravenloft products contain no OGL content that can be used in other OGL products. This also means that what other WotC books and products Ravenloft products can reference are quite different to the restrictions placed on other OGL products. In short – do not assume that the rules that apply to other d20 publishers also apply to Ravenloft! That is the main reason that the FoS will not accept any d20 OGL material in our netbooks.The Malodorous Goat Tavern was the name of the message board at the Kargatane website.

Set in a fictitious Barovian Tavern, it closed its doors when the Tavern was 'destroyed by fire' on October 31st, 2003.